# TB-500 References: The Cited Thymosin Beta-4 and Regulatory Record

> TB-500 references and citations: the full numbered source list behind this codex — PubMed and DOI for the thymosin beta-4 literature, plus the FDA pages for the 503A and compounding record.

The full numbered register — every study and FDA page this codex inscribes, with PubMed, DOI, and source links.

## The register of sources

These are the TB-500 references and citations behind this codex. The peer-reviewed entries are listed with PubMed identifiers or DOIs; the regulatory entries link to the FDA pages that establish the present-tense standing. Where a study used full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, the body text marking it as such travels with each inline citation. The full list is rendered below the [references and citations](/references) heading.

## References

[1] Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Kumar S, et al. Thymosin β4 alleviates renal fibrosis and tubular cell apoptosis through TGF-β pathway inhibition in UUO rat models. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29047363/
[8] Sosne G, et al. 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Corneal Integrity. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24(1):554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010554
[9] Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1402
[10] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[11] Zhu J, et al. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37211724/
[12] Wei Y, et al. Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2024;76(12):1583-1594. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39579076/
[13] Kim J, et al. Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis. Cells. 2023;12(12):1658. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12121658
[14] Sosne G, et al. Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1458684. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380984/
[15] Chen Y, et al. Thymosin β4 released from functionalized self-assembling peptide activates cardiac cells and promotes cardiac repair. Theranostics. 2021;11(10):4790-4808. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33754060/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (list entry: 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; Category 2, effective with the September 29, 2023 update). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (agenda lists 'TB-500 (free base)' / 'TB-500 acetate', BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C as substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; 503A/503B bulks-list and nomination framework). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act

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A gothic research codex of the thymosin beta-4 record — inscribed from the literature, sealed to its sources, and dispensing nothing.